Class 11 Zoology simulations · Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Spirometer: lung volumes and capacities

Breathe normally, then take a maximum breath in and out. Read the volumes and capacities from the spirogram.

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What to notice

Even after a forcible expiration, the residual volume of air remains in the lungs.

Key relation

VC = ERV + TV + IRV ; TLC = VC + RV ; minute volume = TV × rate

Try this

Increase the breathing rate to 16 per minute. What is the minute volume?

What you can change

• Tidal volume TV: 300 to 800 mL
• Inspiratory reserve IRV: 2000 to 3500 mL
• Expiratory reserve ERV: 800 to 1300 mL
• Residual volume RV: 900 to 1400 mL
• Breaths per minute: 8 to 24

More in Breathing and Exchange of Gases

• Mechanism of breathing (bell-jar model)
• Exchange of gases: partial pressures
• Oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve

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