Class 11 Chemistry simulations · Thermodynamics

Hess’s law: two routes to CO₂

Burn carbon to CO₂ directly, or in two steps through CO, and compare the enthalpy changes.

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What to notice

The total enthalpy change is the same whichever path is taken, because enthalpy is a state function.

Key relation

C + O₂ → CO₂ (ΔH = −393.5 kJ) = [C + ½O₂ → CO (−110.5)] + [CO + ½O₂ → CO₂ (−283.0)]

Try this

Use the two-step path. Add up the steps.

What you can change

• Route: choose Direct, Through CO
• Moles of carbon: 0.5 to 3 mol

More in Thermodynamics

• Gibbs energy and spontaneity

See all Class 11 Chemistry simulations or every Physica simulation.