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Class 11 Chemistry simulations

26 free interactive Class 11 Chemistry simulations covering 9 NCERT chapters, including Hydrocarbons, Equilibrium, Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques. Change the variables, watch the result, and learn for school exams, JEE Main and NEET.

Open the Physica lab

Hydrocarbons (3 simulations)

• Benzene: resonance and equal bonds — Flip between the two Kekulé structures and the resonance hybrid of benzene.
• Conformations of ethane — Rotate one carbon of ethane about the C–C bond and follow the torsional energy between staggered and…
• Markovnikov and anti-Markovnikov addition — Add HBr to propene with or without peroxide and see where the bromine ends up.

Equilibrium (4 simulations)

• Buffer solutions (Henderson equation) — Mix acetic acid with sodium acetate and add a little strong acid or base; see how little the pH changes.
• Le Chatelier’s principle (Haber process) — Disturb N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃ by changing pressure, temperature or adding reactant and watch the equilibrium shift.
• pH of acids and bases — Choose an acid or base and its concentration; see the pH, the indicator colour and the ions in solution.
• Solubility product and common ion effect — Dissolve AgCl in water or in NaCl solution and see how the common Cl⁻ ion lowers its solubility.

Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques (2 simulations)

• Chain isomers of pentane (C₅H₁₂) — Compare the three structural isomers of C₅H₁₂ and their boiling points.
• Paper chromatography and Rf — Run a spot of leaf pigment extract up a strip of paper and measure each component’s retardation factor.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry (4 simulations)

• Molarity and dilution — Dissolve a solute, then add water and see the molarity fall while the moles of solute stay the same.
• Empirical formula from percentage composition — Enter the mass percentages of C, H, O and N and convert them to the simplest whole-number ratio.
• Limiting reagent: making water — Mix hydrogen and oxygen gas and find which runs out first in 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O.
• Mole concept: mass, moles and particles — Weigh out a substance and convert its mass into moles and into the number of molecules.

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (4 simulations)

• Dipole moments of molecules — See how individual bond dipoles add up (or cancel) to give the dipole moment of a molecule.
• Hybridisation of carbon — Switch between sp, sp² and sp³ carbon and see the hybrid orbitals, the bond angles and the molecule they make.
• Molecular orbitals: bond order and magnetism — Fill electrons into the molecular orbitals of homonuclear diatomic molecules from H₂ to Ne₂.
• VSEPR: shapes of molecules — Choose the numbers of bond pairs and lone pairs around the central atom and see the molecular shape.

Structure of Atom (3 simulations)

• Electronic configuration (Aufbau, Pauli, Hund) — Fill electrons into orbitals for elements 1–36 and see unpaired electrons, including the exceptions Cr and Cu.
• Spectral series of hydrogen — Choose a series and the upper level to see the wavelength of the emitted line.
• Shapes of atomic orbitals — Pick an orbital and the principal quantum number to see its 3D shape, lobes and nodes.

Thermodynamics (2 simulations)

• Gibbs energy and spontaneity — Set ΔH and ΔS for a reaction and change the temperature to see when it becomes spontaneous.
• Hess’s law: two routes to CO₂ — Burn carbon to CO₂ directly, or in two steps through CO, and compare the enthalpy changes.

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties (2 simulations)

• Sizes of isoelectronic ions — Compare ions that all have 10 electrons (the neon configuration) but different nuclear charges.
• Periodic trends — Raise the first 36 elements as bars to compare atomic radius, ionisation enthalpy or electronegativity…

Redox Reactions (2 simulations)

• Finding oxidation numbers — Pick a compound and see how the oxidation number of the central element is found from the rules.
• Redox: zinc in copper sulphate — Dip a metal strip into a solution of another metal’s ions and see whether a displacement (redox) reaction…