PHYSICAAll simulations · Class 12 · Botany
Class 12 Botany simulations
23 free interactive Class 12 Botany simulations covering 7 NCERT chapters, including Organisms and Populations, Microbes in Human Welfare, Molecular Basis of Inheritance. Change the variables, watch the result, and learn for school exams, JEE Main and NEET.
Organisms and Populations (4 simulations)
- Age pyramids — Compare the age structure of expanding, stable and declining human populations.
- Exponential and logistic growth — Grow a population with unlimited resources (exponential, J-shaped) or limited resources (logistic, S-shaped).
- Population interactions — Explore the six kinds of interaction between two species and what each species gains or loses.
- Predator–prey cycles — Prey multiply; predators eat them and multiply in turn; prey fall, predators starve — and the cycle repeats.
Microbes in Human Welfare (2 simulations)
- Biogas plant — Feed cattle dung slurry into a digester. Methanogens break it down anaerobically and the floating gas holder…
- Sewage treatment and BOD — Run sewage through primary settling and secondary aeration tanks. Aerobic microbes in flocs consume organic…
Molecular Basis of Inheritance (5 simulations)
- Transcription and translation — Transcribe a short gene into mRNA and translate it codon by codon. Then make a point mutation and see its…
- DNA double helix — Spin a B-DNA double helix, change its length and GC content, and calculate how long the molecule would be.
- DNA fingerprinting with VNTRs — Compare VNTR band patterns of a child with a mother and alleged fathers, or a crime-scene sample with…
- The lac operon — Add or remove lactose and see whether the repressor blocks the operator or RNA polymerase transcribes the z…
- Semiconservative replication (Meselson–Stahl) — Grow E. coli in ¹⁵N, then switch to ¹⁴N. Spin the DNA in a CsCl gradient after each generation.
Ecosystem (3 simulations)
- Decomposition of detritus — Watch leaf litter break down. Warmth, moisture and nitrogen-rich litter speed it up; lignin and chitin slow…
- Pyramid of energy (10 per cent law) — Pass energy up the food chain. Only about 10% reaches the next trophic level.
- Gross and net primary productivity — Plants fix energy by photosynthesis (GPP) and use some of it in respiration. What remains (NPP) is food for…
Principles of Inheritance and Variation (4 simulations)
- Dihybrid cross: independent assortment — Cross pea plants for seed shape and colour. Fill the 4 × 4 Punnett square and count the phenotypes.
- Incomplete dominance and co-dominance — Cross snapdragons (incomplete dominance) or combine ABO alleles (co-dominance) and compare the offspring.
- Mendel’s monohybrid cross — Cross pea plants for height using a Punnett square, then grow a field of offspring to see chance at work.
- Sex determination and X-linked traits — Pick parents for an X-linked recessive trait (haemophilia or colour blindness) and see the chances for sons…
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants (3 simulations)
- Double fertilisation — Follow a pollen tube down the style into the embryo sac, where two male gametes take part in two separate…
- Development of the embryo sac — Step through megasporogenesis and the three free-nuclear divisions that build the 7-celled, 8-nucleate…
- Kinds and agents of pollination — Move pollen within a flower, between flowers of one plant, or between plants — by wind or by insects.
Biodiversity and Conservation (2 simulations)
- Latitudinal gradient in diversity — Move from the equator to the poles and see how the number of bird species falls.
- Species–area relationship — Explore larger and larger areas and count species. On log–log axes the relationship is a straight line.