All simulations · Class 12 · Physics

Class 12 Physics simulations

118 free interactive Class 12 Physics simulations covering 14 NCERT chapters, including Alternating Current, Nuclei, Ray Optics and Optical Instruments. Change the variables, watch the result, and learn for school exams, JEE Main and NEET.

Open the Physica lab

Alternating Current (8 simulations)

AC generator — Rotate a coil and track the alternating voltage it produces.
AC power and phase lag — Compare voltage, current, and instantaneous power in a series resistor–inductor circuit.
Energy exchange in an LC circuit — Watch a charged capacitor and an inductor exchange electric and magnetic energy.
LR circuit: phasors and phase lag — Drive a resistor and inductor with AC. The current lags the voltage by the phase angle φ.
Reactance versus frequency — Sweep the frequency and compare inductive and capacitive reactance.
Series RLC resonance — Sweep frequency and find the peak current.
RMS and average values of waveforms — Compare sine, square and triangle waves of the same peak. The rms value sets the heating effect.
Ideal transformer — Change the turn ratio and compare primary and secondary RMS voltages.

Nuclei (9 simulations)

Activity of a radioactive sample — Pick an isotope and a sample mass. Count the atoms and calculate how many decay each second.
Alpha decay and nuclear recoil — Start with a stationary nucleus and see how the alpha particle and daughter share momentum and energy.
Binding energy per nucleon — Slide across the mass number and read where nuclei are most stable.
Neutron multiplication in fission — Track the average number of neutrons through successive generations.
Energy from nuclear fusion — Fuse light nuclei and calculate the energy released from the mass defect.
Mass defect and binding energy — Convert a nuclear mass defect into binding energy.
Radioactive decay — See individual nuclei disappear while the population follows a half-life curve.
Size and density of nuclei — Build nuclei of increasing mass number. The radius grows as A^(1/3), so the density stays the same.
Radiometric dating — Measure the remaining fraction of a radioactive parent and estimate the sample age.

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments (14 simulations)

Real and apparent depth — Look straight down into a pool. Refraction makes the coin on the bottom appear raised.
Astronomical telescope — A long-focus objective collects light from a distant object; a short-focus eyepiece magnifies the angle.
Compound microscope — An objective makes a magnified real image; the eyepiece magnifies it further.
Image in a concave mirror — Move an object in front of a concave mirror and locate its image.
Two thin lenses in contact — Combine converging and diverging lenses and discover their equivalent optical power.
Image through a convex lens — Move an object toward or away from a lens and trace the rays to its image.
Lens maker’s formula — Shape a lens by choosing its surface radii and glass, then immerse it in another medium.
Images in two inclined mirrors — Place an object between two plane mirrors and change the angle. Count the images.
Guiding light in an optical fibre — Launch a ray inside a glass core and check whether the surrounding layer keeps it trapped.
Prism: angle of minimum deviation — Change the angle of incidence on a glass prism and measure the angle of emergence and the deviation.
Dispersion through a prism — Send white light through glass and separate its component colours.
Refraction and total internal reflection — Send a ray across a boundary between two optical media.
Spherical mirrors: ray diagram — Concave and convex spherical mirrors: move the object - even to infinity - and see where the image forms and…
Total internal reflection — Shine a laser from glass towards air. Beyond the critical angle no light escapes.

Atoms (6 simulations)

Bohr’s atomic model — Choose an orbit and calculate the photon released in a transition to the ground state.
Bohr orbits and electron waves — Choose the orbit n and nuclear charge Z. Exactly n de Broglie wavelengths fit around each allowed orbit.
Hydrogen energy-level ladder — Pick a jump and calculate the photon it emits.
Spectral lines of hydrogen-like ions — Choose a one-electron ion and a transition. Higher nuclear charge shifts every line towards shorter…
Hydrogen emission spectrum — Select a transition and calculate the emitted spectral line.
Rutherford alpha scattering — Send an alpha particle past a nucleus and vary the impact parameter.

Wave Optics (8 simulations)

Brewster’s angle — Reflect unpolarised light from glass. At Brewster’s angle the reflected beam is completely polarised.
Single slit diffraction — Narrow a slit and observe its diffraction pattern spread.
Diffraction grating orders — Pass monochromatic light through many equally spaced slits and locate the bright orders.
Double slit interference — Pass light through two slits and watch bright and dark fringes form.
Fringe width in Young’s experiment — Change the geometry and see the bright-fringe spacing respond.
Polarisation and Malus’s law — Rotate an analyser after a polariser and watch the transmitted light fade.
Resolving two stars (Rayleigh criterion) — Two point sources make overlapping diffraction patterns. Are they resolved by this aperture?
Thin-film interference — Reflect light from the two faces of a thin film and tune its thickness through bright and dark conditions.

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance (9 simulations)

Energy stored in a capacitor — Charge a capacitor and read the energy versus voltage.
Parallel plate capacitor — Bring plates closer or insert a dielectric to change stored charge.
Capacitors in series and parallel — Connect two capacitors and compare equivalent capacitance and stored energy.
Sharing charge between capacitors — Connect two charged capacitors. Charge redistributes to a common voltage — and some energy is lost.
Partially filled capacitor — Slide a dielectric slab of thickness t between the plates and see the capacitance rise.
Equipotentials around a point charge — Move a probe around a charge and connect electric potential with field direction.
Dielectric in an isolated capacitor — Insert a dielectric into a charged capacitor after disconnecting its battery.
Charging an RC circuit — Watch a capacitor approach the battery voltage.
Spherical capacitor — Two concentric conducting spheres store charge. Change their radii and the dielectric between them.

Semiconductor Electronics (10 simulations)

Electrons and holes in doped silicon — Heat silicon or add donor atoms and see how the electron and hole concentrations change.
P–N junction diode — Apply a voltage and watch the depletion region change with forward or reverse bias.
Diode I–V characteristic — Sweep the voltage across a diode and trace its current.
LED colour and band gap — Change the semiconductor band gap and see the colour of light the LED emits.
Logic gates — Change two binary inputs and inspect the output of a logic gate.
Half-wave rectifier — Use a diode to pass the positive part of an alternating voltage.
Rectifier with a smoothing capacitor — Add a reservoir capacitor after a rectifier. It charges at each peak and slowly discharges into the load.
Solar cell: I–V curve and maximum power — Change the sunlight and the load. The operating point sits where the cell curve meets the load line.
Transistor as a switch — Drive a transistor through a base resistor and see when a collector load is fully switched on.
Zener voltage regulator — Vary the input and load, and discover when a reverse-biased Zener diode can hold the output steady.

Current Electricity (9 simulations)

Cells in series and parallel — Combine n identical cells in series or in parallel and compare the current through a load.
Ohm’s law circuit — Change battery voltage and resistance to control the current in a closed circuit.
Electron drift in a wire — Change wire thickness and current to see why electron drift is so slow.
A real cell under load — Connect a load to a cell and separate its emf from the voltage delivered at its terminals.
Kirchhoff’s laws: two-loop circuit — Two cells drive currents through three resistors. Solve the loops and watch each branch current.
Potentiometer: comparing EMFs — Slide the jockey along a 1 m wire until the galvanometer reads zero. The balancing length measures the…
Resistance and temperature — Heat a resistor and watch its resistance change. Metals rise; carbon falls.
Series and parallel resistors — Compare equivalent resistance for two connection types.
Wheatstone bridge — Adjust four resistors and bring the galvanometer reading to zero.

Electric Charges and Fields (9 simulations)

Electric field on a ring axis — Move a probe along the axis of a uniformly charged ring and locate the strongest field.
Field of a charged sphere — Compare a conducting shell with a uniformly charged insulating sphere, inside and outside.
Coulomb force vs separation — Slide two charges apart and watch the force weaken.
Electric dipole potential — Move a test point around a dipole and measure potential.
Electric dipole in a uniform field — Turn a dipole in a uniform electric field and compare its torque and potential energy.
Electron beam between deflecting plates — Accelerate electrons, then pass them between charged plates. The beam bends into a parabola and hits the…
Electric field of two charges — Change the charges and separation to explore how the field and force respond.
Gauss’s law: charge and a cube — Place a charge at the centre, a face, an edge or a corner of a cube and find the flux through it.
Gauss’s law on a sphere — Resize a Gaussian sphere around a point charge and compare field with total flux.

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter (6 simulations)

Compton scattering — Scatter an X-ray photon from a free electron and follow the sharing of energy and momentum.
Matter-wave wavelength — Accelerate an electron through a potential difference and calculate its wavelength.
Electron diffraction from a crystal — Change electron energy and locate the first-order Bragg reflection.
Photocell current vs anode voltage — Vary the anode voltage of a photocell. Intensity sets the saturation current; frequency sets the stopping…
Photoelectric effect — Shine light on a metal and see whether it releases electrons.
Stopping potential vs frequency — Shine different frequencies on a metal and read the stopping voltage.

Magnetism and Matter (6 simulations)

Paramagnetism and Curie’s law — Cool a paramagnet and watch its atomic dipoles line up with the applied field more easily.
Magnetic dipole: axis and equator — Move away from a small bar magnet and compare its axial and equatorial fields.
Earth’s magnetic field components — Resolve the field into horizontal and vertical components.
Bar magnet and compass — Explore the field around a bar magnet and the direction a compass points.
Oscillating magnet in Earth’s field — Suspend a bar magnet horizontally. Displace it and time its oscillations about the magnetic meridian.
How magnetic materials respond — Compare induced dipoles in diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic matter.

Moving Charges and Magnetism (10 simulations)

Cyclotron frequency — Change the field and see how fast a charged particle circles.
Force on a current-carrying wire — Pass a current through a wire in a field and measure the force.
Helical motion in a magnetic field — Launch a proton at an angle to a magnetic field and separate circular and forward motion.
Magnetic field on the axis of a loop — Pass current through a circular coil and move a probe along its axis.
Charged particle in a field — Watch a charged particle curve through a uniform magnetic field.
Galvanometer to ammeter or voltmeter — Add a small shunt for an ammeter or a large series resistance for a voltmeter.
Moving-coil galvanometer — Current in a coil within a radial magnetic field produces a torque balanced by a spring.
Force between parallel currents — Reverse one current and see the wires attract or repel.
Magnetic field inside a solenoid — Change the coil density and current to control the internal magnetic field.
Crossed fields: the velocity selector — Send a proton through perpendicular electric and magnetic fields and find the straight-through speed.

Electromagnetic Waves (6 simulations)

Radiation from a dipole antenna — A half-wave dipole radiates most strongly at right angles to its length and not at all along it.
Displacement current between plates — Charge and discharge a capacitor, and connect a changing electric field with current continuity.
Light entering a medium (3D fields) — Watch E and B oscillate at right angles as light travels into glass. Rotate the polarisation plane.
Electromagnetic wave — See perpendicular electric and magnetic fields oscillate as a wave travels.
Photon energy across the spectrum — Pick a frequency and read the energy carried by each photon.
Explore the EM spectrum — Slide across the spectrum: the source glows with that radiation and shows its wavelength and frequency.

Electromagnetic Induction (8 simulations)

Eddy-current braking — Rotate a conducting disc through a magnetic brake and follow the loss of rotational energy.
Magnetic flux through a tilted coil — Tilt a coil in a uniform magnetic field and see the flux follow cos θ.
Magnet through a coil — Move a magnet past a coil and watch the induced current reverse.
Sliding rod generator — Move a conducting rod across a uniform magnetic field.
Mutual induction between coils — Drive a changing current in one coil and measure the emf induced in its neighbour.
Current growth in an RL circuit — Close a circuit and watch an inductor oppose the rise in current.
EMF of a rotating rod — Spin a metal rod about one end in a uniform magnetic field. The free electrons are pushed outward.
Self-inductance of a solenoid — Change the turns, size and core of a solenoid and find its inductance and stored energy.